These are are notes I made for a more elaborate essay that never really gelled. It's still a decent starting point for a look at found, concrete, and other forms of "visual" poetry.
Letters of the alphabet are images, symbols that indicate a sound. Or not.
Strung together as written or printed words, letters communicate meaning via the eyes, not the ears. Hence, what sound letters represent ceases to be important when reading.
But language is both visual and aural. But neither is essential: the deaf communicate, as do the blind.
The deaf communicate visually, the blind aurally, and by touch.
Communication can occur via eyes, ears, or fingers. Whatever conduit leads to the brain.
Hieroglyphics are letters of a sort, abstracted forms referring to nature: birds, plants, people, rivers. More complex than a simple letter, each one is a word unto itself.
Chinese pictograms are complex letters that might refer to a sound, or an entire word. "Tree" in English requires four letters. In Chinese, just one pictogram does the job.
Letters have an attached phoneme. What a letter looks like and what it sounds like are two different things. Slam and rap lean on rhythm, meter: sound. Concrete or visual poetry leans on how letters or words look, are arranged, their relationship to the page. Like any collage, concrete poetry can be representative or abstract.
Both visual/concrete poetry and poetry more concerned with sounds may or may not be concerned with "meaning."
Asemic writing refers to writing without any semantic content. It is a purely visual medium and may use invented letters or glyphs, or existing letters.
"Ph" = "F". Philosophy = Filosofia
Sofia. Sophia. The relationship between sound and its visual representation is not fixed.
Does the Sator Square qualify as poetry? Was it just a word game, a clever use of symmetry? Did it have cosmic significance? Magick?
The oldest known square was found in Pompeii and thus predates the town's destruction in 62 CE.
S A T O R
A R E P O
T E N E T
O P E R A
R O T A S
Simmias of Rhodes Axe. 300 BC?
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These texts were called carmen figurata. In addition to Axe (Pelekys), Simmias produced Pteryges (Wings), the Soon (Egg).
So called altar poems were of the same nature but the text represented an altar. Examples date back to antiquity.
Altar poems and the carmen figurata are essentially concrete poetry.
They form a recognizable image that is evoked by the words by which it composed.
1653
George Herbert Easter Wings
18th C.
William S. Burroughs experimented with text arranged into columns to mimic newspapers. He also read across columns and strung the fragments together to create new sentences. The technique differed from his cut-ups and fold-ins but was basically the same thing. Finding new sentences embedded in texts by rearranging fragments. However....
1760's....Caleb Whitefoord - wine merchant, diplomat, poet - and London neighbor and friend of Benjamin Franklin, was doing a form of cut-up in the late eighteenth century:
It was Whitefoord’s genius to notice that when you took a broadsheet newspaper of tightly set columns, and started reading across the paper’s columns—rather than reading down to the column’s next line—you could achieve what he described as “coupled persons and things most heterogeneous, things so opposite in the nature and qualities, that no man alive would ever have thought of joining them together.” Whitefoord called this cross-reading, and he was so amused by it that he would publish sheets of his favorite specimens and hand them out to friends in Fleet Street coffeehouses.
Dr. Salamander will, by her Majesty’s command,
undertake a voyage round—
The head-dress of the present month.
Wanted to take care of an elderly gentlewoman—
An active young man just come from the country.
Yesterday the new Lord Mayor was sworn in,
and afterwards toss’d and gored several Persons.
Removed to Marylebone, for the benefit of the air—
The City and Liberties of Westminster.
Notice is hereby given—
And no notice taken.
Burroughs did exactly that and cut-ups and fold-ins mimic the process.
1868-70
Isidore Ducasse/Lautréamont
Maldoror included lines lifted directly from previous texts, especially descriptions of nature. As Burroughs said: if Josef Conrad had described a treeline perfectly, why not just lift the text and use it as the background for the action in your text, much like collage?
In artistic practice, there is a history of repurposing and plagiarism that predates the digital. The pseudonymous Comte de Lautréamont, a French poet who died in 1870, whose work later influenced the Surrealists and Situationists, said:
"Plagiarism is necessary. Progress demands it. Staying close to an author’s phrasing, plagiarism exploits his expressions, erases false ideas, replaces them with correct ideas."
A man of his word, Lautréamont plagiarised in his two major works: Les Chants de Maldoror and Poésies.
1914 Constantinople, a 'ferro-concrete poem' from Tango with Cows by Vasily Kamensky.
1918 Apollinaire Calligrammes.
Made poems to resemble the subject. Rain, for example. Very much in the vein of Herbert.
1920
How to Make a Dadaist Poem
(method of Tristan Tzara)
To make a Dadaist poem:
Take a newspaper.
Take a pair of scissors.
Choose an article as long as you are planning to make your poem.
Cut out the article.
Then cut out each of the words that make up this article and put them in a bag.
Shake it gently.
Then take out the scraps one after the other in the order in which they left the bag.
Copy conscientiously.
The poem will be like you.
And here are you a writer, infinitely original and endowed with a sensibility that is charming though beyond the understanding of the vulgar.
T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land (1922) and John Dos Passos' U.S.A. Trilogy (1930-36)
Incorporated newspaper clippings.
Burroughs and Gysin, Cut-ups, 1950’s & 60's
The method is simple. Here is one way to do it. Take a page. Like this page. Now cut down the middle and cross the middle. You have four sections: 1 2 3 4 … one two three four. Now rearrange the sections placing section four with section one and section two with section three. And you have a new page. Sometimes it says much the same thing. Sometimes something quite different–(cutting up political speeches is an interesting exercise) — in any case you will find that it says something and something quite definite. Take any poet or writer you fancy. Heresay, or poems you have read over many times. The words have lost meaning and life through years of repetition. Now take the poem and type out selected passages. Fill a page with excerpts. Now cut the page. You have a new poem. As many poems as you like.
The Nova Trilogy (1961-1967)
Minutes to Go 1960
The Exterminator 1960
The Burroughs File
Letters are represented by symbols and colors.
The Travel Agency is on Fire
The editor says there are three collections of cutups that may number 11K+ pages each....
There’s been a lot of [objections to the cut-ups], a sort of a superstitious reverence for the word. My God, they say, you can’t cut up these words. Why can’t I? I find it much easier to get interest in the cut-ups from people who are not writers—doctors, lawyers, or engineers, any open-minded, fairly intelligent person—than from those who are….People say to me, “Oh, this is all very good, but you got it by cutting up.” I say that has nothing to do with it, how I got it. What is any writing but a cut-up? Somebody has to…*do* the cutting up. Remember that I first made selections. Out of hundreds of possible sentences that I might have used, I chose one
Oulipo
Lettrisme
Situationism
Fluxus
All these movements experimented with language, asemic writing, concrete poetry.
1964-1965 Charles Henri Ford Poster Poems
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/134480
Concrete Poetry
Postwar Brazil
From Levy's Tibetan Stroboscope.
1967E Emmett Williams Anthology of Concrete Poetry
Gysin's permutations
Visual Poetry
John M. Bennett
Sound Poetry
1960 Pistol Poem Gysin
Pure sound. Found sound. Asemic writing. If language is both visual and aural, isn't using sampled sound akin to using some words in found texts (or vice versa)?
1970’s
Bowie and the Stones used cutups for lyrics, under Burroughs’ influence.
1980's
Hip-Hop and EDM: Sampling. See: Pistol Poem (Brion Gysin)
2007
Jonathan Lethem The Ecstasy of Influence
All mankind is of one author, and is one volume; when one man dies, one chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a better language; and every chapter must be so translated. . . .—John Donne
Emojis. Acronyms: WTF, LOL, LMFAO, IMO, etc.
Blackout Poetry
John Carroll
Take a text and start blacking out words until a poem is formed by the remaining words.
Some trace this back to Whitefoord, through Tzara and Burroughs. It's not the exact same technique, but a variation on manipulating a found text to create something new. Whether using fragments cut from a paper, or words left after redacting a text with a sharpie, or lifting paragraphs to re-use in one's own text.
Is it plagiarism or theft? I think not.. No because the origin of the texts is clear. There's no attempt to "fool" the reader. In fact, that the texts are found is part of the attraction.
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